Instrument for optically detecting tissue attributes

ABSTRACT

A jaw assembly including first and second jaw members configured to clamp tissue therebetween. The first jaw member includes a surface opposing a surface of the second jaw member, a light source, and a light detector. The light source is configured to emit light from an opening defined in the surface of the first jaw member. The light detector is disposed within the opening and is configured to sense properties of light reflected off tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members and to generate signals indicative of the sensed properties of light. A processor is operatively associated with the light detector and is configured to receive the signals from the light detector. The processor is also configured to analyze the signals to determine an attribute of tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members and to provide feedback to a user of the attribute of the tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation Application claiming the benefit ofand priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/516,812, filed Dec.17, 2014, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/942,937, filed Feb. 21, 2014. The entirecontents of each of the above applications is hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to surgical instruments and, morespecifically, to a surgical instrument for detecting attributes oftissue with optical technology.

2. Discussion of Related Art

In endoscopic surgical procedures, surgery is performed in any hollowviscus of the body through a small incision or through narrow endoscopictubes (cannulas) inserted through a small entrance wound in the skin orthrough a naturally occurring orifice. Endoscopic surgical proceduresperformed within the interior of the abdomen are referred to aslaparoscopic procedures. As used herein both laparoscopic and endoscopicprocedures will be collectively referred to as endoscopic procedures.Endoscopic procedures often require the clinician to act on organs,tissues and vessels far removed from the incision

During endoscopic procedures, a surgeon may benefit from knowingattributes of tissue being manipulated to increase the effectiveness ofthe procedure. For example, knowing the thickness of tissue may aid asurgeon in selecting the proper size staple for the tissue. In addition,identifying the vascular properties within the surgical site the surgeonmay identify the red blood cell concentration to determine whether thetissue is diseased or cancerous.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to an endoscopic surgicalinstrument configured to provide intraopertive feedback of tissueproperties within a surgical site.

In an aspect of the present disclosure, a jaw assembly includes firstand second jaw members moveable relative to one another between an openconfiguration and a clamped configuration. In the clamped configuration,the first and second jaw members are configured to clamp tissuetherebetween. The first jaw member includes a surface opposing a surfaceof the second jaw member. The first jaw member further includes anopening defined in the surface of the first jaw member. The first jawmember also includes a light source configured to emit light from theopening and a light detector disposed within the opening. The lightdetector is configured to sense properties of light reflected off tissueclamped between the first and second jaw members and to generate signalsindicative of the sensed properties of light. The jaw assembly furtherincludes a processor operatively associated with the light detector. Theprocessor is configured to receive signals indicative of properties oflight from the light detector, to analyze the signals to determine anattribute of tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members,and to provide auditory, haptic, or visual feedback to a user of theattribute of the tissue. The processor may be configured to determine athickness of tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members.The light source may be configured to generate light by one ofelectron-stimulation, incandescent lamps, light emitting diodes,electroluminescence, gas discharge, high-intensity discharge, laser,chemoluminescence, fluorescence, or phosphorescence.

In embodiments, the second jaw member includes a second light detectordisposed within a second opening defined in the surface of the secondjaw member. The second light detector is configured to sense propertiesof light transmitted through tissue clamped between the first and secondjaw members from the light source of the first jaw member andtransmitted and to generate signals indicative of the sensed propertiesof light. The second light detector may transmit the signals to theprocessor.

In some embodiments, the second jaw member includes a second lightsource configured to emit light through a second opening defined in thesurface of the second jaw member. The second jaw member further includesa second light detector disposed within the second opening configured tosense properties of light emitted from the second light source andreflected off tissue clamped between the first and second jaw membersand to generate signals indicative of the sensed properties of light.

In certain embodiments, the first jaw member includes an anvil and thesecond jaw member includes a staple cartridge. The staple cartridgeincludes a plurality of staples configured to be driven through tissueclamped between the first and second jaw members.

In aspects of the present disclosure, a surgical instrument includes ahandle, an elongated shaft extending from the handle, and a jawassembly. The jaw assembly includes first and second jaw membersmoveable relative to one another between an open configuration and aclamped configuration. In the clamped configuration, the first andsecond jaw members are configured to clamp tissue therebetween. Thefirst jaw member includes a surface opposing a surface of the second jawmember. The first jaw member further includes an opening defined in thesurface of the first jaw member. The first jaw member also includes alight source configured to emit light from the opening and a lightdetector disposed within the opening. The light detector is configuredto sense properties of light reflected off tissue clamped between thefirst and second jaw members and to generate signals indicative of thesensed properties of light. The jaw assembly further includes aprocessor operatively associated with the light detector. The processoris configured to receive signals indicative of properties of light fromthe light detector, to analyze the signals to determine an attribute oftissue clamped between the first and second jaw members, and to provideauditory, haptic, or visual feedback to a user of the attribute of thetissue.

In embodiments, the surgical instrument may include a control interfacedisposed on the handle that is operatively associated with the jawassembly. The control interface is configured to actuate the first andsecond jaw members between the open and clamped configurations. Thecontrol interface is operatively associated with the light source toactivate the light source to emit light from the opening.

In some embodiments, the surgical instrument includes a display paneldisposed on the handle. The display panel operatively associated withthe processor and configured to display feedback of the attribute of thetissue.

In certain embodiments, the processor is disposed within the elongatedshaft. In other embodiments, the processor is disposed within thehandle.

In particular embodiments, one of jaw members includes a staplecartridge having a plurality of staples configured to fire throughtissue clamped between the first and second jaw members. The processormay be configured to control the firing of staples from the surgicalinstrument.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, a method for detecting tissueattributes includes providing a jaw assembly, clamping tissue betweenfirst and second jaw members of the jaw assembly, emitting light from anopening in a surface of the first jaw member, sensing properties oflight reflected of the tissue, transmitting signals indicative ofproperties of light to a processor, determining tissue attributes fromthe signals with the processor, and providing feedback of the tissueattributes to a user. The first and second jaw members are moveablerelative to one another between an open configuration and a clampedconfiguration. The surface of the first jaw member opposes the secondjaw member.

The method may include sensing properties of light transmitted throughthe tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members of the jawassembly. The first jaw member including a light source and the secondjaw member including a second light detector. Emitting light from theopening may include activating a light source of the first jaw member.

The method may include firing staples from a staple cartridge coupled toone of the first and second jaw members through tissue clamped betweenthe first and second jaw members. Determining tissue attributes mayinclude determining tissue thickness of tissue clamped between the jawmembers and the method may include comparing the determined tissuethickness to a predetermined tissue thickness value and preventingadditional functions of the surgical instrument when the determinedtissue thickness is greater than the predetermined value. The method mayfurther include inputting the predetermined tissue thickness value intoa control interface operatively associated with the processor. Themethod may further include coupling the staple cartridge to one of thefirst and second jaw members. The staple cartridge may transmit thepredetermined value to the processor.

Further, to the extent consistent, any of the aspects described hereinmay be used in conjunction with any or all of the other aspectsdescribed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinbelow withreference to the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a surgical instrument in accordance withthe present disclosure including an end effector configured to opticallydetect properties of tissue;

FIG. 2 is an enlargement of the detail area “2” of FIG. 1 showing thejaw members of the surgical instrument of FIG. 1 in an openconfiguration;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the jaw members of FIG. 2 in a clampedconfiguration;

FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of FIG.3, illustrating the components of a detection assembly;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a surgical instrument in accordance withthe present disclosure including an end effector configured to opticallydetect properties of tissue and to fire staples through tissue clampedwithin the end effector;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the jaw members of the end effectorshown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a side cross-sectional view taken along the line 7-7 of FIG.6, illustrating the components of the jaw member assembly; and

FIG. 8 is an enlargement of the detail area “8” of FIG. 7 showing aportion of a detection assembly disposed within an opening defined bythe upper jaw member.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are now described in detail withreference to the drawings in which like reference numerals designateidentical or corresponding elements in each of the several views. Asused herein, the term “clinician” refers to a doctor, a nurse, or anyother care provider and may include support personnel. Throughout thisdescription, the term “proximal” refers to the portion of the device orcomponent thereof that is closest to the clinician and the term “distal”refers to the portion of the device or component thereof that isfurthest from the clinician.

Referring to FIG. 1, a surgical instrument 10 is provided in accordancewith the present disclosure including a handle 20, an elongated shaft 30extending from the handle 20, and a jaw assembly 40 coupled to a distalend 34 of the elongated shaft 30. The handle 20 includes a controlinterface 22 and a display panel 28. The control interface 22 isoperatively associated with the jaw assembly 40 as detailed below. Thedisplay panel 28 is configured to display tissue properties of tissueclamped within the jaw assembly 40 as detailed below.

In alternate embodiments, the display panel 28 is not present on thehandle 20 but rather is or functions as a screen remote to the surgicalinstrument 10 (e.g., a surgical monitor (not shown) inside or outside anoperating theater). It is contemplated that the control interface 22 maybe integrated into the display panel 28 (e.g., a touch screen displaypanel whether the display panel 28 is on the handle 20 or remote).

In embodiments, the handle 20 is a powered handle and the controlinterface 22 includes a plurality of buttons or switches to manipulatethe jaw assembly 40. In some embodiments, the handle 20 is a manualhandle and the control interface 22 includes triggers and levers (notshown) to manipulate the jaw assembly 40. An exemplary example of such ahandle is disclosed in commonly owned and co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/484,975, filed May 31, 2012, published as U.S.Patent Publication No. 2012/0253329 on Oct. 4, 2012, the contents ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The elongated shaft 30 operatively associates the jaw assembly 40 withthe handle 20. A proximal end 32 of the elongated shaft 30 may beintegrally formed with the handle 20. In embodiments, the proximal end32 releasably couples the elongated shaft 30 to the handle 20. In someembodiments, the distal end 34 of the elongated shaft 30 includes adetachable end effector assembly 36 including the jaw assembly 40. Inembodiments, the elongated shaft 30 may rotate relative to the handle20. In some embodiments, the jaw assembly 40 articulates relative to theelongated shaft 20.

With reference to FIGS. 2-4, the jaw assembly 40 includes an upper jawmember 42, a lower jaw member 44, and a detection assembly 50. The upperjaw member 42 defines a plurality of openings 43 in a surface opposingthe lower jaw member 44. The lower jaw member 44 may define a pluralityof openings 45 in a surface 43 opposing the upper jaw member 42.

The jaw members 42, 44 are moveable relative to one another between anopen configuration (FIG. 2), wherein the jaw members 42, 44 arespaced-apart from one another, and a clamped configuration (FIG. 3),wherein the jaw members 42, 44 are approximated. The control interface22 (FIG. 1) may be used to command a transition of the jaw members 42,44 between the open and clamped configurations.

With particular reference to FIG. 4, the detection assembly 50 isdisposed within the jaw assembly 40 and includes light sources 52 a, 52b, light detectors 54 a, 54 b, and a processor 58. The upper jaw member42 includes a single light source 52 a and a light detector 54 adisposed within each opening 43 defined by the upper jaw member 42.Light from the light source 52 a is guided to each opening 43 throughfiber optic cables or light pipes 53 such that light from light source52 a is emitted from each of the openings 43. It will be appreciatedthat having the light sources and the light detectors in a single jawmember (e.g., upper jaw member 42) simplifies the routing of wiring andcables to the light sources and the light detectors. In addition, itwill be appreciated that the single jaw member may be fixed relative tothe elongated shaft to further simplify the routing of wiring and cablesto the light sources and the light detectors.

In embodiments, the lower jaw member 44 includes a plurality of lightsources 52 b and light detectors 54 b disposed within each opening 45defined by the lower jaw member 44. The light sources 52 b are directlight sources configured to emit light through openings 45.

The light source 52 a, 52 b may generate light by a variety of meansincluding but not limited to electron-stimulation, incandescent lamps,electroluminescent, gas discharge, high-intensity discharge, lasers,chemoluminescence, fluorescence, and/or phosphorescence. It iscontemplated that the lower jaw member 44 may include a single lightsource 52 b guided through fiber optic cables or light pipes (notshown), to openings 45, similar to the fiber optic cables or light pipes53 extending through the upper jaw member 42 to the openings 43. It isfurther contemplated that the light source 52 a may be a plurality oflight sources 52 a disposed within openings 43 of the upper jaw member42, similar to light sources 52 b disposed within the openings 45 of thelower jaw member 44.

Each light detector 54 a, 54 b is operatively associated with theprocessor 58. Each light detector 54 a, 54 b is a sensor configured tooptically sense properties of light contacting the light detector 54 a,54 b. Each light detector 54 a, 54 b is operatively associated with theprocessor 58. It is contemplated that each light detector 54 a, 54 b maybe wired directly to or wirelessly connected to the processor 58. It iswithin the scope of this disclosure that light detectors 54 a, 54 b aretuned to one another to enhance the detection of light attributes. It isalso within the scope of this disclosure that each light source, eachlight pipe, or each a group of light sources or light pipes may beassociated with a specific light detector such that the light detectoris configured to only detect light from the associated light source,light pipe, or group of light sources or light pipes. Further, it iswithin the scope of this disclosure that the light sources or lightpipes may be operated sequentially to produce a clearer image of thetissue properties.

The wireless connection may be via radio frequency, optical, WIFI,Bluetooth (an open wireless protocol for exchanging data over shortdistances (using short length radio waves) from fixed and mobiledevices, creating personal area networks (PANs)), ZigBee® (aspecification for a suite of high level communication protocols usingsmall, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standardfor wireless personal area networks (WPANs)), etc.

The processor 58 may be disposed within the surgical instrument 10(e.g., within the handle 20, the elongate shaft 30, or the jaw assembly40) or external to the surgical instrument 10. The processor 58 isconfigured to receive one or more signal(s) including properties oflight from the light detectors 54 a, 54 b and is configured to analyzethe signal(s) to determine an attribute of tissue clamped between thefirst and second jaw members. The processor 58 is operatively associatedwith the display panel 28 to display the attribute of tissue clampedwithin the jaw assembly 40 as detailed below.

Each light detector 54 a, 54 b may be configured to detect a specificchemical or agent injected into the blood stream of a patient includingbut not limited to chemicals or agents cable of bioluminescence,radioluminescence, chemoluminescence, fluorescence, and/orphosphorescence. It is contemplated that each light detector 54 a, 54 bmay be configured to detect the same or different chemicals or agentsthan each other light detector 54 a, 54 b. It is also contemplated thateach opening 43, 45 in a respective one of the jaw members 42, 44 mayinclude more than one light detector 54 a, 54 b with each light detector54 a, 54 b configured to sense a different or the same attribute oflight.

With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the detection assembly 50 is used todetermine the attributes of tissue clamped within the jaw assembly 40 inaccordance with the present disclosure. When tissue is clamped betweenthe upper and lower jaw members 42, 44 of the jaw assembly 40 one ormore of the light sources 52 a, 52 b is activated to emit light fromrespective openings 43, 45 in the jaw members 42, 44. The controlassembly 22 (FIG. 1) may be used to activate the light sources 52 a, 52b. The light emitted from the openings 43, 45 is reflected off thesurface of the tissue clamped within the jaw assembly 40, backscatteringsome light back into respective openings 43, 45 (e.g., light emittedfrom the light source 52 a through an opening 43 reflects off thesurface of tissue, travels back into the opening 43 and is sensed by thelight detector 54 a disposed within the opening 43). The light may alsobe transmitted through the tissue and into an opposing opening 43, 45(e.g., light emitted from the light source 52 a through an opening 43may be transmitted through the tissue into an opening 45 opposing theopening 43 and sensed by the light detector 54 b disposed within theopening 45).

In embodiments, the light sources 52 b or the end of the fiber opticcables 53, may be positioned within opening 45 so as to be in directcontact with the surface of tissue to achieve a short photon pathlength.

The properties of the light sensed by the light detectors 54 a, 54 b areconverted to electrical signals and transmitted to the processor 58. Theprocessor 58 analyzes the signals indicative of the properties of thesensed light to determine attributes of the tissue clamped between thejaw members 42, 44 and displays the tissue attributes on the displaypanel 28. For example, the intensity of the light may be used tocalculate the thickness of known tissue type (i.e., lung, stomach,intestinal, muscular, etc.) clamped within the jaw assembly 40 and thedisplay panel 28 displays the calculated thickness of the tissue.

In addition, the light detectors 54 a, 54 b may be configured to senseproperties of light associated with a specific chemical or agentinjected into the blood stream of a patient. Further, the lightdetectors 54 a, 54 b may be configured to sense properties of lightindicating foreign bodies, diseased tissue, or non-tissue within tissueclamped within the jaw assembly 40.

In embodiments, the processor 58 may compare the tissue thickness oftissue clamped within the jaw assembly 40 to a predetermined value andprovide the clinician with indicia that the tissue thickness is greaterthan or less than the predetermined value. When the tissue thickness isgreater than the predetermined value the processor 58 may provideaudible, haptic, or visual indicia to the clinician to alert theclinician that the tissue thickness is greater than the predeterminedvalue (e.g., a red light, a failure tone, a stop icon, an alert lightpattern, an audible alert pattern, etc.). When the tissue thickness isless than or equal to the predetermined value, the processor 58 mayprovide audible, haptic, or visual indicia to the clinician to alert theclinician that the tissue thickness is less than or equal to thepredetermined value (e.g., a green light, a go ahead tone, a go icon, ago light pattern, an audible go pattern, etc.). With a thickness of thetissue determined, a clinician may select an appropriately configuredsurgical instrument to complete a particular surgical task (e.g., asurgical stapler loaded with an appropriately sized plurality ofsurgical staples).

Referring to FIGS. 5-8, a surgical instrument 100 is provided inaccordance with the present disclosure including a handle 20, anelongated shaft 30 extending from the handle 20, a detachable endeffector assembly 36 including a jaw assembly 140. The jaw assembly 140includes an upper jaw member 142, a lower jaw member 144, and adetection assembly 150. The upper jaw member 142 includes an anvil 162having a plurality of staple pockets 164. The anvil 162 may bereleasably coupled to the upper jaw member 142. An opening 143 isdefined in the anvil 162 between each of the staple pockets 164.

The lower jaw member 144 includes a staple cartridge 166 having aplurality of staples 168 configured to be fired through tissue clampedbetween the upper and lower jaw members 142, 144. Each staple 168 isassociated with a staple pusher 169 that is configured to urge thestaple 168 from the staple cartridge 166, through tissue clamped betweenthe jaw members 142, 144, and towards the anvil 162. When each staple168 contacts the anvil 162, legs of each staple 168 are formed to securethe staple 168 within the tissue clamped between the jaw members 142,144. The staple cartridge 166 may be releasably coupled to the lower jawmember 144.

The detection assembly 150 includes a plurality of light sources 52 a, aplurality of light detectors 54 a, and a processor 158. The lightsources 52 a and light detectors 54 a are disposed within the openings143 defined in the anvil 162 of the upper jaw member 142. The processor158 is disposed within the handle 20 and is operatively associated withthe light detectors 54 a. The light sources 52 a, the light detectors 54a, and the processor 158 of surgical instrument 100 operatesubstantially similar to the light sources 52 a, the light detectors 54a, and the processor 58 of surgical instrument 10 detailed above, assuch only the differences are detailed below.

The processor 158 may be configured to lock out additional functions ofthe jaw assembly 140 when the tissue thickness of tissue clamped withinthe jaw assembly 140 is greater than a predetermined value (e.g.,prevents the staples 168 from firing from the staple cartridge 166).

The clinician may input the predetermined value into a control assembly22. The control assembly 22 may be disposed on the handle 20 or remoteto the surgical instrument 100. The staple cartridge 166 may bereplaceable with a plurality of staple cartridges having varying sizedstaples 168. The size of the staples 168 within the staple cartridge 166coupled to the lower jaw member 144 may determine the predeterminedvalue. The staple cartridge 166 may be operatively associated with theprocessor 158 such that when the staple cartridge 166 is coupled to thelower jaw member 144 the predetermined value associated with the staplecartridge 166 is transmitted to the processor 158. It is alsocontemplated that the predetermined value includes an upper limit and alower limit associated with a suitable thicknesses of tissue for thestaple cartridge 166 and the processor 158 is configured to prevent thestaples 168 from firing if the tissue thickness is not between the upperand lower limits.

The tissue thickness may be determined by the red blood cell densitywithin the tissue. For example, if there is too much blood occlusion thereduced density of the red blood cells indicates that the staples 168within the staple cartridge 166 are too small for the tissue clampedwithin the jaw assembly 140.

The attributes of tissue clamped within the jaw member assembly 40, 140may also be detected by detecting abnormal blood flow. For example,abnormal blood flow may indicate that cancerous or tumorous tissue isclamped within the jaw assembly 40, 140 informing the clinician that aresection margin (i.e., the amount of tissue being removed containingcancerous or tumorous tissue) should be increased.

As mentioned above, the detection assembly 50 may be provided as astandalone instrument or as part of a multifunction surgical instrumentincluding but not limited to a surgical stapler, a grasper, or anelectrosurgical device.

The various embodiments disclosed herein may also be configured to workwith robotic surgical systems and what is commonly referred to as“Telesurgery”. Such systems employ various robotic elements to assistthe surgeon in the operating theatre and allow remote operation (orpartial remote operation) of surgical instrumentation. Various roboticarms, gears, cams, pulleys, electric and mechanical motors, etc. may beemployed for this purpose and may be designed with a robotic surgicalsystem to assist the surgeon during the course of an operation ortreatment. Such robotic systems may include, remotely steerable systems,automatically flexible surgical systems, remotely flexible surgicalsystems, remotely articulating surgical systems, wireless surgicalsystems, modular or selectively configurable remotely operated surgicalsystems, etc.

The robotic surgical systems may be employed with one or more consolesthat are next to the operating theater or located in a remote location.In this instance, one team of surgeons or nurses may prep the patientfor surgery and configure the robotic surgical system with one or moreof the instruments disclosed herein (e.g., the jaw assembly 40) whileanother surgeon (or group of surgeons) remotely control the instrumentsvia the robotic surgical system. As can be appreciated, a highly skilledsurgeon may perform multiple operations in multiple locations withoutleaving his/her remote console which can be both economicallyadvantageous and a benefit to the patient or a series of patients.

The robotic arms of the surgical system are typically coupled to a pairof master handles by a controller. The handles can be moved by thesurgeon to produce a corresponding movement of the working ends of anytype of surgical instrument (e.g., end effectors, graspers, knifes,scissors, etc.) which may complement the use of one or more of theembodiments described herein. The movement of the master handles may bescaled so that the working ends have a corresponding movement that isdifferent, smaller or larger, than the movement performed by theoperating hands of the surgeon. The scale factor or gearing ratio may beadjustable so that the operator can control the resolution of theworking ends of the surgical instrument(s).

The master handles may include various sensors to provide feedback tothe surgeon relating to various tissue parameters or conditions (e.g.,tissue resistance due to manipulation, cutting or otherwise treating,pressure by the instrument onto the tissue, tissue temperature, tissueimpedance, etc.). As can be appreciated, such sensors provide thesurgeon with enhanced tactile feedback simulating actual operatingconditions. The master handles may also include a variety of differentactuators for delicate tissue manipulation or treatment furtherenhancing the surgeon's ability to mimic actual operating conditions.

While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in thedrawings, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, asit is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art willallow and that the specification be read likewise. Any combination ofthe above embodiments is also envisioned and is within the scope of theappended claims. Therefore, the above description should not beconstrued as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particularembodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modificationswithin the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed:
 1. A jaw assembly comprising: first and second jaw members moveable relative to one another between an open configuration and a clamped configuration, the first and second jaw members configured to clamp tissue therebetween in the clamped configuration, the first jaw member including: a surface opposing a surface of the second jaw member; an opening defined in the surface of the first jaw member; a light source configured to emit light from the opening; and a light detector disposed within the opening, the light detector configured to sense properties of light reflected off tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members and to generate signals indicative of the sensed properties of light; and a processor operatively associated with the light detector, the processor configured to: receive signals indicative of properties of light from the light detector; analyze the signals to determine an attribute of tissue clamped between the first and second jaw members; and provide feedback to a user of the attribute of tissue clamped between the first and second jaw member. 